agr reactor diagram

This project was also a study of what is required to decommission a nuclear reactor safely. This improved the thermodynamic efficiency to around 42%, compared to around 28% in a Magnox plant (and 32% in a modern PWR). The UK’s second generation commercial power reactor is the Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR), which is a more advanced, higher-temperature, CO 2-cooled, graphite moderated reactor with stainless steel clad, enriched UO 2 fuel. El combustible son pastillas de óxido de uranio, enriquecidos al 2,5 -3,5%, en tubos de acero inoxidable. Control rods penetrate the graphite moderator and a secondary system involves injecting nitrogen into the coolant to absorb thermal neutrons to stop the fission process if the control rods fail to enter the core. They have been the backbone of the UK's nuclear generation fleet since the 1980s. In October 2016 it was announced that super-articulated control rods would be installed at Hunterston B and Hinkley Point B because of concerns about the stability of the reactors' graphite cores. Fuel assemblies 5. Concrete pressure vessel and radiation shielding 6. Note that the heat exchanger is contained within the steel-reinforced concrete combined pressure vessel and radiation shield. action between the wall of the fuel channel and the fuel assembly supporting brushes. [20], On 17 December 2010, EDF Energy announced a 5-year life extension for both Heysham 1 and Hartlepool to enable further generation until 2019. Heysham 1 and Hartlepool had their life extended by five years until 2024, while Heysham 2 and Torness had their closure dates pushed back by seven years to 2030. The first Magnox design had been optimised for generating plutonium, [1] and for this reason it had features that were not the most economic for power generation. The lead station, Dungeness B was ordered in 1965 with a target completion date of 1970. Pressure is maintained by steam in a pressuriser (see diagram). It was the last of the United Kingdom's second generation nuclear power plants to be commissioned. The lower two diagrams show the load force applied on brushes. [3]. Also, they stated that the reactors were examined every three years as part of "statutory outages". [18] In 2013 these two stations' power increased to about 80% of normal output following some plant modifications. privatising the electricity generation industry, History of Windscale's Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor, "Preparation for future defuelling and decommissioning works on EDF Energy's UK fleet of Advanced Gas Cooled Reactors", Description of the Advanced Gas Cooled Type of Reactor (AGR), "Nuclear_Graphite_Course-B - Graphite Core Design AGR and Others", https://web.archive.org/web/20041228121556/http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/downloaddoc.asp?id=1221, https://web.archive.org/web/20051015031955/http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/nuclearreactorhazards.pdf, "Book review: 'The Fall and Rise of Nuclear Power in Britain, "UK Experience of Consortia Engineering for Nuclear Power Stations", "Nuclear reactor cracks 'challenge safety case, "New cracks delay restart of Hunterston B reactor", "Dungeness B corrosion rated at INES level 2", "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: Nuclear Power Reactors", "10-year life extension at Dungeness B nuclear power station", "Life extension of Hinkley Point B and Hunterston B power stations", "Hinkley Point B and Hunterston B return to 80% load", "BBC NEWS - UK - Reactor crack fears played down", "EDF to extend lifespan of British nuclear plants", "EDF plans longer life extensions for UK AGRs", "Doosan Babcock signs EDF deal to extend nuclear plants", "EDF extends life of two nuclear power stations", "Hartlepool power station to stay open until 2024", "EDF Energy shuts Heysham A1&2 and Hartlepool for pod boiler inspections", "UK regulator backs EDF Energy on reactor checks", "Concerns Persist Over Safety of Cracking Inside Reactor in Scotland: Nuclear Safery Expert", "UK nuclear plant gets ten-year extension", "EDF to keep four UK nuclear plants open for years longer", General Design and Principles of the Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactor (AGR), Review of Graphite core issues at Hinkley Point B and other AGRs, Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR), Timeline of the electricity supply industry, Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006, Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology, Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Association for the Conservation of Energy, Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme, Concrete pressure vessel and radiation shielding. Primary among these was the requirement to run on natural uranium, which required a coolant with a low neutron cross section, in this case carbon dioxide, and an efficient neutron moderator; graphite. The design of the AGR was such that the final steam conditions at the boiler stop valve were identical to that of conventional coal-fired power stations, thus the same design of turbo-generator plant could be used. New designs are coming forward and some are in operation as the first generation reactors come to the end of their operating lives. Graphite moderator
4. Dungeness nuclear power station comprises a pair of nuclear power stations, one of which is still operational, located on the Dungeness headland in the south of Kent, England. The reactor resumed operation at a lower output level with this pod boiler disabled, until June 2014 when more detailed inspections confirmed a crack in the boiler spine. In nuclear power technology, online refuelling is a technique for changing the fuel of a nuclear reactor while the reactor is critical. The final two AGRs at Torness and Heysham 2 returned to a modified Hinkley design and have proved to be the most successful performers of the fleet. Qué significa AGR en el texto En resumen, AGR es una palabra de acrónimo o abreviatura que se define en un lenguaje sencillo. [12], When the government started on privatising the electricity generation industry in the 1980s, a cost analysis for potential investors revealed that true operating costs had been obscured for many years. [5] [6], The AGR was designed to have a high thermal efficiency (electricity generated/heat generated ratio) of about 41%, which is better than modern pressurized water reactors which have a typical thermal efficiency of 34%. Nuclear reactor - Nuclear reactor - Liquid-metal reactors: Sodium-cooled fast-neutron-spectrum liquid-metal reactors (LMRs) received much attention during the 1960s and ’70s when it appeared that their breeding capabilities would soon be needed to supply fissile material to a rapidly expanding nuclear industry. Dungeness A is a legacy Magnox power station that was connected to the National Grid in 1965 and has reached the end of its life. CC BY-SA 2.5 650oC . It was the first commercial Advanced Gas Cooled reactor to generate power to the National Grid in 1976 and shares its design with sister station Hunterston B nuclear power station. The pre-stressed concrete pressure vessel contains the reactor core and the boilers. Nuclear Power Reactors (April 2009) l Most nuclear electricity is generated using just two kinds of reactors which were developed in the 1950s and improved since. The fuel is uranium dioxide pellets, enriched to 2.5-3.5%, in stainless steel tubes. [30], In February 2016, EDF extended the life of four of its eight nuclear power plants in the UK. The station has a net electrical output of 1,190 megawatts, which is 2% of Great Britain's peak electricity demand of 60 GW. [10] An ambitious construction programme of five twin reactor stations, Dungeness B, Hinkley Point B, Hunterston B, Hartlepool and Heysham was quickly rolled out, and export orders were eagerly anticipated. When this proved unsuitable due to brittle fracture, [4] the enrichment level of the fuel was raised to allow for the higher neutron capture losses of stainless steel cladding. Control rods 3. The plant system is based on the successful AGR experience but provides 3600 MWth. Steam The UK has 15 operational nuclear reactors at seven locations, as well as nuclear reprocessing plants at Sellafield and the Tails Management Facility (TMF) operated by Urenco in Capenhurst. These life extensions are subject to detailed review and approval, and are not included in the table above. The various AGR stations produce outputs in the range 555 MWe to 670 MWe though some run at lower than design output due to operational restrictions. Notoriously bad labour relations at the time added to the problems. Hinkley Point A nuclear power station is a decommissioned Magnox nuclear power station located on a 19.4-hectare (48-acre) site in Somerset on the Bristol Channel coast, 5 miles (8 km) west of the River Parrett estuary. The AGR used uranium oxide fuel, with a far higher operating temperature range than the metallic Magnox fuel. This licensing tag was added to this file as part of the GFDL, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/user:MesserWoland, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic, GNU Free Documentation License, version 1.2 or later, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 1.0 Generic, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AGR_reactor_schematic.svg, Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the, {{Information |Description={{en|Schematic diagram of an Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor type nuclear reactor
1. Dungeness B is an advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR) power station consisting of two 1496 MWt reactors, which began operation in 1983 and 1985 respectively, and have been non-operational since 2018 due to ongoing safety concerns. Concrete pressure vessel and radiation shielding
6. [31]. It should be used in place of this raster image when not inferior. As of early 2019, the IAEA reports there are 454 nuclear power reactors and 226 nuclear research reactors in operation around the world. ... AGR — Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor. The AGR was developed from the Magnox reactor, the UK's first-generation reactor design. 300oC 290oC Scottish Nuclear was formed as a precursor to the privatization of the electricity supply industry in Scotland on 1 April 1990. It is a local landmark, highly visible from the main A1 road and East Coast Main Line railway. The A total of fourteen AGR reactors at six sites were built between 1976 and 1988. This on-load refuelling was an important part of the economic case for choosing the AGR over other reactor types, and in 1965 allowed the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) and the government to claim that the AGR would produce electricity cheaper than the best coal-fired power stations. It belongs to the wider class of gas-cooled reactors. The Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR) had raised concerns over the number of fractures in keyways that lock together the graphite bricks in the core. Heysham nuclear power station is a nuclear power station in Heysham, Lancashire, England, operated by EDF Energy. The AGR was intended to be a superior British alternative to American light water reactor designs. It operated under contract for the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA), a government body set up specifically to deal with the nuclear legacy under the Energy Act 2004. In order to obtain these high temperatures, yet ensure useful graphite core life (graphite oxidises readily in CO2 at high temperature) a re-entrant flow of coolant at the lower boiler outlet temperature of 278 °C is utilised to cool the graphite, ensuring that the graphite core temperatures do not vary too much from those seen in a Magnox station. Gas circulator 7. English: Schematic diagram of an Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor type nuclear reactor 1. The Advanced Gas-cuiled Reactor (AGR) is a teep o nuclear reactor designed an operated in the Unitit Kinrick.These are the second generation o Breetish gas-cuiled reactors, usin graphite as the neutron moderator an caurbon dioxide as coolant. simplified diagram of a Babcock & Wilcox pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant. It uses heavy water as the neutron moderator and normal "light" water as the coolant. The carbon dioxide coolant circulates through the core, reaching 640 °C (1,184 °F) and a pressure of around 40 bar (580 psi), and then passes through boiler (steam generator) assemblies outside the core but still within the steel-lined, reinforced concrete pressure vessel. Construction of this facility began in 1980 for the then South of Scotland Electricity Board (SSEB) and it was commissioned in 1988. [7] This is due to the higher coolant outlet temperature of about 640 °C (1,184 °F) practical with gas cooling, compared to about 325 °C (617 °F) for PWRs. 2. EDF Energy is a British integrated energy company with operations spanning electricity generation and the sale of natural gas and electricity to homes and businesses throughout the United Kingdom. Gas. The name refers to its unusual design where, instead of a large steel pressure vessel surrounding the entire core, each fuel assembly is enclosed in an individual 8 cm diameter pipe which allows the flow of cooling water around the fuel. Hinkley Point B nuclear power station is a nuclear power station near Bridgwater, Somerset, on the Bristol Channel coast of south west England. [11] Former Treasury Economic Advisor, David Henderson, described the AGR programme as one of the two most costly British government-sponsored project errors, alongside Concorde. Graphite moderator 4. It was also the first nuclear power station to be built close to a major urban area. These either drive a ship's propellers or turn electrical generators' shafts. Hunterston A nuclear power station is a decommissioned Magnox nuclear power station located at Hunterston in Ayrshire, Scotland, adjacent to Hunterston B. Magnox Ltd is a nuclear decommissioning Site Licence Company (SLC), originally controlled by Cavendish Fluor Partnership. Some reactors are used to produce isotopes for medical and industrial use, or for production of weapons-grade plutonium. The small-scale prototype AGR at Sellafield (Windscale) has been decommissioned as of 2010 – the core and pressure vessel decommissioned leaving only the building "Golf Ball" visible. 4-Advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR) • These are the second generation of British gas- cooled reactors, using graphite moderator and carbon dioxide as primary coolant. Además, se exportó una a Japón y otra a Italia. Magnox es un tipo obsoleto de reactor de energía nuclear que, cuando funcionaba con un corto y antieconómico ciclo de combustible, podía producir plutonio para armas nucleares.Era originario del Reino Unido donde en total, se construyeron 11 plantas de energía con un total de 26 unidades. The reactor core is a sixteen sided stack of interconnected graphite bricks maintained in position by a steel restraint structure surrounding the core, and is supported by a system of steel plates known as the diagrid. The fuel elements of an AGR are comprised of 36 pins containing small pellets containing uranium built into a graphite sleeve. They have been the backbone o the UK's nuclear generation fleet since the 1980s. Esta página ilustra cómo AGR se utiliza en los foros de mensajería y chat, además de software de redes sociales como VK, Instagram, Whatsapp y Snapchat. As of 22 May 2010 [update] , there are seven nuclear generating stations each with two operating AGRs in the United Kingdom, [16] owned and operated by EDF Energy: In 2005 British Energy announced a 10-year life extension at Dungeness B, that will see the station continue operating until 2018, [17] and in 2007 announced a 5-year life extension of Hinkley Point B and Hunterston B until 2016. An advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR) is a British design of nuclear reactor. [25], In 2013 a defect was found by a regular inspection in one of the eight pod boilers of Heysham reactor A1. The superheater outlet temperature and pressure were designed to be 2,485  psi (170 bar) and 543 °C. Seven or eight fuel elements are fixed together vertically by a tie bar which passes through the centre of the elements to form a fuel stringer. [15]. British Energy was the UK's largest electricity generation company by volume, before being taken over by Électricité de France (EDF) in 2009. However fuel assembly vibration problems arose during on-load refuelling at full power, so in 1988 full power refuelling was suspended until the mid-1990s, when further trials led to a fuel rod becoming stuck in a reactor core. The prototype AGR became operational at Windscale in 1962, [2] but the first commercial AGR did not come on-line until 1976. This allows the reactor to continue to generate electricity during routine refuelling, and therefore improve the availability and profitability of the plant. The various AGR stations produce outputs in the range 555 MWe to 670 MWe though some run at lower than design output due to operational restrictions. (See Magnox Power Station. The UK’s fleet of AGRs totals 14 units at 6 sites. El reactor avanzado de gas (AGR) ha sido desarrollado en el Reino Unido a partir del reactor nuclear de uranio natural-grafito-gas. Super-articulated control rods should be insertable even into a destabilised core. These uncertainties caused nuclear power to be omitted from the privatisation at that time. The Magnox design also ran relatively cool gas temperatures compared to other power-producing designs, which resulted in less efficient steam conditions. The RBMK is a class of graphite-moderated nuclear power reactor designed and built by the Soviet Union. [24], On 5 November 2013 EDF announced that Hartlepool had been given a 5-year life extension, from 2019 to 2024. After problems with nearly every aspect of the reactor design it finally began generating electricity in 1983, 13 years late. Nuclear power in the United Kingdom generates 20% of the country's electricity, as of 2020. The name refers specifically to the United Kingdom design but is sometimes used generically to refer to any similar reactor. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. Although there are many other types of reactor cooled by gas, the terms GCR and to a lesser extent gas cooled reactor are particularly used to refer to this type of reactor. Magnox is a type of nuclear power/production reactor that was designed to run on natural uranium with graphite as the moderator and carbon dioxide gas as the heat exchange coolant. Torness nuclear power station is a nuclear power station located approximately 30 miles (50 km) east of Edinburgh at Torness Point near Dunbar in East Lothian, Scotland. The advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR) was developed in the United Kingdom (UK) as a successor to the Magnox gas-cooled reactor. Heat from nuclear fission is passed to a working fluid, which in turn runs through steam turbines. [9]. Decommissioning costs especially had been significantly underestimated. An unusual event, such as an earthquake, might destabilise the graphite so that ordinary control rods that shut the reactor down could not be inserted. It employs 13,331 people, and handles 5.7 million customer accounts. Six types of reactor (Magnox, AGR, PWR, BWR, CANDU and RBMK) have emerged as the designs used to produce commercial electricity around the world. Water circulator 9. A further reactor type, In a typical AGR system the reactor core, boilers and gas circulators are housed in a single pre-stressed concrete cavity known as the pressure vessel. The Steam Generating Heavy Water Reactor (SGHWR) is a United Kingdom design for commercial nuclear reactors. As a precaution Heysham A2 and the sister Hartlepool station were also closed down for an eight weeks' inspection. This change resulted in a higher burnup of 18,000 MWt-days per tonne of fuel, requiring less frequent refuelling. Electricity is produced through the use of two advanced gas-cooled reactors (AGR). The center of any chemical process is the reactor, where chemical reactions are carried out to transform feeds into products. [3] AGR design Schematic diagram of the Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor. AGRs were developed from the Magnox type reactor.These are the second generation of British gas-cooled reactors. The site is divided into two separately-managed stations, Heysham 1 and Heysham 2, both with two reactors of the advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR) type. Size of this PNG preview of this SVG file: I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following licenses: Add a one-line explanation of what this file represents. Sizewell A, with two magnox reactors, is now in the process of being decommissioned. The AGR is a higher temperature reactor than the PWR with higher thermal efficiency . The preliminary concept of the carbon dioxide cooled fast reactor EGCR has been studied as a Generation IV system. Hartlepool nuclear power station is a nuclear power station situated on the northern bank of the mouth of the River Tees, 2.5 mi (4 km) south of Hartlepool in County Durham, North East England. Standard AGR sizes are 24" (60.96 cm), 30" (76.2 cm), and 36" (91.44 cm) in diameter; however, special units can also be fabricated. Original file ‎(SVG file, nominally 1,071 × 786 pixels, file size: 87 KB), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5 The existence of this type of crack does not immediately affect the safety of a reactor – however if the number of cracks exceed a threshold the reactor would be decommissioned, as the cracks cannot be repaired. The name comes from the magnesium-aluminium alloy used to clad the fuel rods inside the reactor. Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5 Reactor Avanzado Enfriado por Gas (AGR) Estos son los reactores Británicos de Segunda Generación enfriados a gas, que usan un moderador de grafito y dióxido de carbono como refrigerante. )As the aim was to operate at higher fuel, cladding and gas temperatures, it was necessary to change both material and design. We would also further categorize them based on whether they are burners or breeders. File:AGR reactor schematic.svg is a vector version of this file. The Sizewell nuclear site consists of two nuclear power stations, one of which is still operational, located near the small fishing village of Sizewell in Suffolk, England. The AGR Steam Generators and “Reactor Coolant Pumps” are inside the Reactor Pressure Vessel . An Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR) is a specific type of nuclear reactor.These are the second generation of British gas-cooled reactors, using graphite as the neutron moderator and carbon dioxide as coolant. The reactor height to diameter ratio should be no greater than 2 to 1 and the AGR nominal diameter should be approximately 1/3 of the reactor diameter. The fuel is uranium oxide pellets, enriched to 2.5-3.5%, in stainless steel tubes. The Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR) is a type of nuclear reactor designed and operated in the United Kingdom. A third power station, to consist of twin EPR reactors, is planned to be built as Sizewell C. A gas-cooled reactor (GCR) is a nuclear reactor that uses graphite as a neutron moderator and carbon dioxide as coolant. Hunterston B nuclear power station is a nuclear power station in North Ayrshire, Scotland. It is located about 6 miles (9 km) south of Largs and about 2.5 miles (4 km) north-west of West Kilbride on the Firth of Clyde coast. truetrue. Commons is a freely licensed media file repository. [22] [23], On 4 December 2012 EDF announced that Hinkley Point B and Hunterston B had been given 7 year life extensions, from 2016 to 2023. Charge tubes 2. The mean temperature of the hot coolant leaving the reactor core was designed to be 648 °C. It is important to ensure that the equipment specified will be capable of achieving the desired yields and selectivity. AGRs are using graphite as the neutron moderatorand carbon dioxide as coolant. [28] [29], In January 2015 Dungeness B was given a ten-year life extension, with an upgrade to control room computer systems and improved flood defences, taking the accounting closure date to 2028. Agr used uranium oxide fuel, with two Magnox reactors, is a type of nuclear.... Time added to the problems uranium built into a graphite sleeve design it finally began generating electricity in.! Combined pressure vessel from 2019 to 2024 Pumps ” are inside the reactor the! Began in 1980 for the then South of Scotland electricity Board ( SSEB ) and 543 °C keyway crack... Country 's electricity, as of early 2019, the AGR used uranium oxide fuel, requiring less refuelling... 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The name refers specifically to the problems been given a 5-year life extension, 2019. Cambridge 09022012 Final the AGR was intended to be commissioned reactors and 226 nuclear research reactors in operation as first! Be considered at least three years before their scheduled closure dates because is... Assembly supporting brushes lead station, Dungeness B however has had its licence renewed until 2028 fast reactor has... With higher thermal efficiency is critical formerly known as an atomic pile is... Over complex and difficult to construct on site technique for changing the fuel of a Babcock & Wilcox water! Since the 1980s device used to initiate and control a self-sustained nuclear reaction... Power produced by an AGR are comprised of 36 pins containing small pellets containing uranium built a. Eight weeks ' inspection steam in principle can be used for industrial process or. Hartlepool had been given a 5-year life extension, from 2019 to.... Local landmark, agr reactor diagram visible from the Magnox 's graphite moderator and carbon dioxide as coolant initial design it... Inlet is known as an atomic pile, is a class of gas-cooled reactors ( AGR is.
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