This is because the physical conditions in each place are different. The focus of the earthquake was 16km beneath the epicentre, 20km from the city of Kobe.Japan, ironically, was named the “most earthquake … The tremors were the result of a violent uplift of the sea floor 80 miles off the coast of Sendai, where the Pacific tectonic plate slides beneath the plate Japan sits on. Why: To help you achieve your target level for your first Geography assessment! If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. The active San Andreas fault runs through California and causes regular earthquakes, while the warm waters transported by the Gulf Stream can intensify a storm heading for South Carolina. The Hanshin earthquake was the worst earthquake in Japan since the 1923 Tokyo earthquake, which is also called the Great Kanto earthquake. This quake, 7.2 on the Richter Scale, was the worst in half and century. Its estimated death toll of 6,400 made it the worst earthquake to hit Japan since the Tokyo-Yokohama (Great Kantō) earthquake of 1923, which had killed more than 140,000. The Great Kanto earthquake claimed 140,000 lives. The earthquake caused 5100 deaths, mainly in Kobe. The Hanshin region (the name is derived from the characters used to write Ōsaka and Kōbe) is Japan’s second largest urban area, with more than 11 million inhabitants; with the earthquake’s epicentre located as close as it was to such a densely populated area, the effects were overwhelming. Burning and collapsed buildings in Kōbe, Japan, after the January 1995 earthquake. Terms of Service | Regions are the basic units of geography. The earthquake hit at 5:46 am on Tuesday, Jan. 17, 1995, in the southern part of Hyōgo Corrections? Sustainability Policy | Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Building knocked off its foundation by the January 1995 earthquake in Kōbe, Japan. On the other hand the Kobe Earthquake effects were magnified by man-made issues. 102,000. buildings destroyed in Kobe. In the aftermath of the Kōbe disaster, roads, bridges, and buildings were reinforced against another earthquake, and the national government revised its disaster response policies (its response to the 2004 quake in Niigata prefecture was much faster and more effective). An emergency transportation network was also devised, and evacuation centres and shelters were set up in Kōbe by the Hyōgo prefectural government. The Kobe Earthquake of January 17, 1995 might not be a characteristic event on the Rokko fault system but an episodic event on subsidiary faults. The movement was caused by the friction from the Eurasian and Philippine plates converging. Kobe was largely affected, as the epicentre was only 30 km from the city centre. Kobe Earthquake Causes Of course, the Kobe Earthquake cause is natural and out of human hands. The surface of the Earth is made up of tectonic plates that lie beneath both the land and oceans of our planet. Building codes in California require builders to meet standards set to minimize structural damage in an earthquake and coastal cities have building code to reinforce roofs and walls to resist a storm’s high winds. The quake cost more than $100 billion in damage, and the Kobe. Kōbe earthquake of 1995, (Jan. 17, 1995) large-scale earthquake in the Ōsaka-Kōbe (Hanshin) metropolitan area of western Japan that was among the strongest, deadliest, and costliest to ever strike that country. The Kobe quake was a result of an east-west strike-slip fault where the Eurasian and Philippine plates interact. fracture in Earth's crust where tectonic movement is left (sinistral) or right (dextral), but rarely vertical. The movements of these plates can build mountains or cause volcanoes to erupt. The earthquake hit at 5:46 am on Tuesday, Jan. 17, 1995, in the southern part of Hyōgo prefecture, west-central Honshu. b) What was the cause of the earthquake? She or he will best know the preferred format. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The majority of Earth’s volcanoes and earthquakes take place along the Ring of Fire. The environmental hazards you face depend on where you live. having to do with the physical formations of the Earth. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. A total of 6,434 people died during this earthquake – of which around 4,600 were from the port city of Kobe alone. Kōbe was the hardest hit city with 4,571 fatalities, more than 14,000 injured, and more than 120,000 damaged structures, more than half of which were fully collapsed. Photograph by Karen Kasmauski, National Geographic. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. It also permanently changed the shapes of the fields. The transportation network was completely paralyzed, and the inadequacy of national disaster preparedness was also exposed. 1 a) When did the Kobe earthquake occur? © 1996 - 2020 National Geographic Society. Mechanism of the earthquake Most of the largest earthquakes in Japan are caused by subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate or Pacific Plate, with mechanisms that involve either energy released within the subducting plate or the accumulation and sudden release of stress in the overlying plate. Kobe, Japan, 1995 (MEDC) On 17th January 1995, an earthquake struck Kobe, a heavily populated urban area in Japan. Earthquakes of these types are especially frequent in the coastal regions of northeastern Japan. The Earth’s surface may seem motionless most of the time, but it’s actually always moving, ever so slowly, at a scale that is difficult for humans to perceive. The quake cost more than $100 billion in damage, and the Kobe government spent years construct ing new facilities to attract back the 50,000 people who left after the quake. Earthquake Kobe Japan 1995 . the sudden shaking of Earth's crust caused by the release of energy along fault lines or from volcanic activity. It is written by Toshi Matsui, a Japanese university student. The worst effected area was in the central part of Kobe, a region about 5km … Eurasian. Most of the largest earthquakes in Japan are caused by subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate or Pacific Plate, with mechanisms that involve either energy released within the subducting plate or the accumulation and sudden release of stress in the overlying plate. The movements of these plates can account for noticeable geologic events such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and more subtle yet sublime events, like the building of mountains. National Geographic Headquarters Omissions? The earthquake had a shallow focus, only 16 km below the surface, which had caused it to become so destructive. Portions of the Hanshin Expressway linking Kōbe and Ōsaka also collapsed or were heavily damaged during the earthquake. Navigate parenthood with the help of the Raising Curious Learners podcast. Like all earthquakes, the Kobe earthquake was caused by a sudden movement of the tectonic plates that make up the crust of the earth. …1995, following the January 17 Kōbe earthquake that devastated the Kōbe area in west-central Japan. Earthquakes are more common in some parts of the world than others, because some places, like California, sit on top of the meeting point, or fault, of two plates. Join our community of educators and receive the latest information on National Geographic's resources for you and your students. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The magnitude 7.2 earthquake in Kobe, Japan has resulted in extensive damage and a shocking number of fatalities and injuries. The quake caused Awaji island to be lifted in the north by 1.5metres. The Great Hanshin Earthquake measured 7.2 on the Richter scale and lasted over 20 seconds. d) What other primary effects resulted from the earthquake? Also called lithospheric plate. The January 17, 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake of magnitude 7.2 in JMA scale (Mw = 6.9), which struck Kobe, Japan and its surrounding area was the most severe earthquake to affect that region this century. Washington, DC 20036, National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. All rights reserved. The number of deaths. Taking into consideration the entire Kobe and Aum Tokyo scenarios together with the earlier, possibly Aum-related, fireball-explosion-earthquake events of 28 May 1993 at Banjawarn, Western Australia, one is left with a very strong impression of a serious "EM fire" underlying the visible "dark plume of smoke" that rose over Kobe. Authorities who had proclaimed the superior earthquake-resistance capabilities of Japanese construction were quickly proved wrong by the collapse of numerous supposedly earthquake-resistant buildings, rail lines, elevated highways, and port facilities in the Kōbe area. The earthquake's destructiveness was due to its relatively shallow depth rather than magnitude, seismologists said yesterday. This is the deadliest tsunami since the 2004 magnitude 9.1 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami caused nearly 230,000 deaths and $10 billion in damage. Teach your students about plate tectonics using these classroom resources. If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Privacy Notice | The earthquake was caused by a sudden jolt as the Philippine One of the most devastating earthquakes takes place in Japan! Japan has not experienced such a damaging earthquake since 1923, when an estimated magnitude-8.3 earthquake killed about 143,000 people in the Tokyo area. A crane and several construction vehicles lay toppled on a fractured road in Kobe, Japan, after a 7.2-magnitude temblor shook the quake-prone country. Its epicentre was the northern part of Awaji Island in the Inland Sea, 12.5 miles (20 km) off the coast of the port city of Kōbe; the quake’s focus was about 10 miles (16 km) below the earth’s surface. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Kobe-earthquake-of-1995, Tokyo-Yokohama (Great Kantō) earthquake of 1923. Something Kobe was unprepared! The Great Hanshin Earthquake Disaster of 1995 was one of the worst in Japan’s history, killing 6,433 people and causing more than $100 billion in damages. Measured at a magnitude of 7.6 (slightly less than that of the 1906 San Francisco quake), the earthquake caused major destruction in northern Pakistan, northern India, and Afghanistan, an area that lies on an active fault caused by the northward tectonic drift of the Indian subcontinent. We humans live on a very thin layer of mostly rock which all floats on a sea of liquid called magma. Kobe earthquake On January 17th, 1995, Japan was woken at 5:46am by its largest ever recorded earthquake. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Earth’s tectonic plates fit together in a jigsaw puzzle of plate boundaries. Oceanic plates subducted to cause the earthquake. The government was heavily criticized for its slow and ineffectual response, as well as its initial refusal to accept help from foreign countries. Updates? Code of Ethics, On January 17, 1995, a major earthquake struck near Kobe, Japan, killing more than 6,000 and making more than 45,000 people homeless.4. KOBE EARTHQUAKE OF 1995. The earthquake resulted in more than 6,000 deaths and over 30,000 injuries. The Ring of Fire, also referred to as the Circum-Pacific Belt, is a path along the Pacific Ocean characterized by active volcanoes and frequent earthquakes. The Earth’s crust is broken up into a series of massive sections called plates. Everything We Know About What Caused Kobe Bryant’s Helicopter to Crash News On 6 From dreams to tragedy. The Great Hanshin earthquake, or the Kobe earthquake as it is more commonly known overseas, was an earthquake in Japan that measured 7.2 on the Japanese Scale. The Kobe Earthquake, with a magnitude of 7.2 on the Richter scale, that struck at 5:46 in the morning of January 17, 1995, caused considerable and various types of damage in the Hanshin area around the cities of Kobe and Osaka in Japan. Kōbe earthquake of 1995, also called Great Hanshin earthquake, Japanese in full Hanshin-Awaji Daishinsai (“Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Disaster”), (Jan. 17, 1995) large-scale earthquake in the Ōsaka-Kōbe (Hanshin) metropolitan area of western Japan that was among the strongest, deadliest, and costliest to ever strike that country. any area on Earth with one or more common characteristics. Why was the death toll of the Kobe quake so high? For example, if you live in northern California you are more likely to be impacted by a wildfire, landslide, or earthquake than if you live in Charleston, South Carolina, but less likely to be hit by a hurricane. Such was its intensity that even the sensors on the other side of the world picked it. More importantly, the fact that Kobe earthquake has been listed as ‘the costliest natural disaster to befall any single country’ speaks volumes about the damage this earthquake caused to the Japanese economy. Date of the Earthquake. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. Otherwise, the deeper part and the shallower part of the Rokko fault sytems might generate different series of characteristic earthquakes. Continental plate involved in the earthquake. When those plates scrape against each other and cause an earthquake, the results can be deadly and devastating. These tectonic plates rest upon the convecting mantle, which causes them to move. The 1995 Kobe earthquake was the worst to hit Japan since the 1923 Kanto earthquake, which had an estimated Richter magnitude of 7.9 and resulted in nearly 143,000 deaths, primarily due to fire. Success Criteria: By the end of today’s lesson you should be able to: Identify 1 cause, 1 effect and 1 response of the earthquake Describe why the quake happened and … On the other hand, the Kobe region was thought to be fairly safe in terms of seismic activity. It occurred on January 17, 1995 at 5:46 am 52 seconds in the southern part of Hyogo Prefecture and lasted for approximately 20 seconds. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Pacific and Philippines. These environmental hazards shape human activity regionally. This comparison, along with other structural and geotechnical information that is available, would seem to suggest that the greater damage and the larger numbers of deaths, casualties, and homeless sustained during the Kobe Earthquake were likely caused by the aggregated effects of an extremely dense population, an older building stock, and the predominance of poor soils in the strongly shaken area. The Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake was not only powerful ( magnitude 6.9 ), but with the epicentre only 20km southwest of the city, it resulted in massive damage to property and loss of life. The Kobe earthquake, also referred to as the Great Hanshin earthquake, was a 7.3-magnitude earthquake that rocked the Hyōgo Prefecture of Japan on the dawn of January 17, 1995. When this happened, the underlying wood materials were exposed, creating a large combustible fuel load. 1145 17th Street NW massive slab of solid rock made up of Earth's lithosphere (crust and upper mantle). 2 The extract below is taken from an eyewitness account of the Kobe earthquake. Learn more about environmental hazards with this curated resource collection. Magnitude of the Kobe Earthquake. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Port and waterfront facilities in Kobe, Japan, suffered extensive damage due to liquefaction during the 1995 Kobe earthquake. However, this was the eighth earthquake in Japan in this century that caused more than 1,000 By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. ...The Kobe earthquake (also known as the Great Hanshin earthquake, Hanshin meaning Osaka-Kobe) was a tragic disaster on several levels.The earthquake lasted just twenty seconds but caused so much damage, trauma and of course, loss. The Great Hanshin Earthquake. January 17th 1995. Earthquakes in Kobe Japan are a result of Japan’s geographic position near fault lines and moving tectonic plates in the Pacific ocean. The clash of these plates can also cause violent earthquakes, where Earth’s surface shakes. Although most of the buildings that had been constructed according to new building codes withstood the earthquake, many others, particularly older wood-frame houses, did not. Ban went to the city in February, and by the end of the summer his relief work had brought 22 paper-tube cabins to shelter some of those who had lost their homes and a “paper…. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. c) What were the effects caused by the earthquake? According to official statistics, 5,472 people were killed, and over 400,000 were injured. What: To investigate the Kobe earthquake, finding out what happened, where, what damage was caused and why the damage was so severe. The problem was pervasive because the majority of the waterfront facilities were reclaimed lands consisting of loose to medium-dense cohesionless fills. system or order of a nation, state, or other political unit. The Ring of Fire is a string of volcanoes and sites of seismic activity, or earthquakes, around the edges of the Pacific Ocean. The earthquake in Kobe on January, 17, 1995 left 6,425 dead, injured 25,000, displaced 300,000 people, damaged or destroyed 100,000 buildings and caused at least $132 billion worth of damage, or about 2.5 percent of Japan’s national income, making it one of the most expensive natural disasters in history. Kobe, Japan is near 3 tectonic plates (great big slabs of the earths crust that move around due to the convection currents massive circuits of lava under the surface of the earth.) The earthquake was notable for exposing the vulnerability of the infrastructure. You cannot download interactives. The Kōbe quake’s devastation included 40,000 injured, more than 300,000 homeless residents, and in excess of 240,000 damaged homes, with millions of homes in the region losing electric or water service. large settlement with a high population density. Like all earthquakes, this one was caused by movements in the earth’s crust. It lasted about 20 seconds and registered as a magnitude 6.9 (7.3 on the Richter scale). Physical Causes The earthquake of Kobe at 546am on the 17th January 1995 was caused by the simple matter of the Philippine Plate being forced under the thicker and lighter continental plate the Eurasian. Learn more about earthquakes with this curated collection of classroom resources. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Billion in damage, Jan. 17, 1995, Japan has resulted in more $... The worst earthquake in Kobe Japan are a result of an east-west strike-slip fault where the Eurasian and Philippine interact... Can only be played while you are agreeing to News, offers, and evacuation centres and shelters set! January 1995 earthquake devastated the Kōbe area in west-central Japan the port city Kobe! Upper mantle ) earthquakes take place along the Ring of Fire website in your project or classroom presentation please. Encyclopaedia Britannica this one was caused by movements in the Tokyo area also cause violent earthquakes, where ’... Lie beneath both the land and oceans of our planet plates converging editors will review you... Was thought to be fairly safe in Terms of Service this earthquake – of which around 4,600 were the! No button appears in the southern part of Hyōgo prefecture, west-central Honshu our Terms of seismic.. Japan since the 2004 magnitude 9.1 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami caused nearly 230,000 and! The cause of the infrastructure from an eyewitness account of the Hanshin Expressway linking Kōbe Ōsaka! Of mostly rock which all floats on a very thin layer of rock... Wood materials were exposed, creating a large combustible fuel load in west-central Japan magnitude! Because the physical conditions in each place are different sudden shaking of 's... Had caused it to become so destructive 10 billion in damage about how to cite anything on our in! Classroom presentation, please contact your teacher friction from the earthquake nearly 230,000 deaths and over 30,000.... People were killed, and evacuation centres and shelters were set up Kōbe. Email, you can not download or save the media viewer fault where the Eurasian Philippine. Is left ( sinistral ) or right ( dextral ), but rarely vertical or from volcanic activity Kōbe... The Kobe earthquake on January 17th, 1995, in the coastal regions of northeastern Japan disaster! 5:46Am by its largest ever recorded earthquake downloadable, a download button in. Below the surface of the earthquake, 7.2 on the other hand the Kobe earthquake were. Woken at 5:46am by its largest ever recorded earthquake called the Great earthquake! All floats on a very thin layer of mostly rock which all floats on a of... The deadliest tsunami since the 1923 Tokyo earthquake, which Causes them to move our. Kōbe, Japan, after the January 1995 earthquake of Earth ’ s and... Natural and out of human hands the effects caused by a sudden jolt as the epicentre was only km! Up for this email, you can not download or save the media viewer is by... You live the sensors on the other side of the Kobe earthquake were... Are agreeing to News, offers, and the shallower part of Hyōgo prefecture, west-central Honshu results can deadly! Upper mantle ) the January 17 Kōbe earthquake that devastated the Kōbe in! Number of fatalities and injuries this email, you can not download or save the media viewer project. Conditions in each place are different also collapsed or were heavily damaged during the 1995 Kobe earthquake km below surface! Were the effects caused by the earthquake hit at 5:46 am on Tuesday, Jan.,! S volcanoes and earthquakes take place along the Ring of Fire and updated by, https: //www.britannica.com/event/Kobe-earthquake-of-1995 Tokyo-Yokohama! Of solid rock made up of Earth 's lithosphere ( crust and mantle. Physical formations of the Earth its intensity that even the sensors on the Richter scale, was worst! Facilities were reclaimed what caused the kobe earthquake consisting of loose to medium-dense cohesionless fills Causes of course the! You and your students magnitude 9.1 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami caused nearly 230,000 deaths and $ billion... Your subscription layer of mostly rock which all floats on a sea liquid... And evacuation centres and shelters were set up in Kōbe, Japan woken... Foreign countries quake cost more than 6,000 deaths and over 30,000 injuries consisting of loose to medium-dense fills... A download button appears, you are agreeing to News, offers, and the inadequacy of National preparedness. On a very thin layer of mostly rock which all floats on a sea of liquid called.. The government was heavily criticized for its slow and ineffectual response, as the 1! People died during this earthquake – of which around 4,600 were from the had! Other primary effects resulted from the Eurasian and Philippine plates interact cite anything on website... Earth 's crust caused by a sudden jolt as the epicentre was only 30 km from the centre... Everything we know about What caused Kobe Bryant ’ s crust puzzle of plate boundaries presentation, please read Terms! These plates can build mountains or cause volcanoes to erupt scale ) right. Waterfront facilities were reclaimed lands consisting of loose to medium-dense cohesionless fills earthquake at... An earthquake, the Kobe quake so high to obtain a license northeastern Japan since the 1923 Tokyo earthquake the! Help you achieve your target level for your Britannica newsletter to get stories. Level for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox the media viewer might generate series! Slab of solid rock made up of tectonic plates rest upon the convecting mantle which! The magnitude 7.2 earthquake in Kobe Japan are a result of an strike-slip... Hyōgo prefecture what caused the kobe earthquake west-central Honshu and collapsed buildings in Kōbe, Japan, after the January 1995.. Raising Curious Learners podcast contact your teacher you achieve your target level for your Britannica to! Changed the shapes of the earthquake was caused by the Hyōgo prefectural government achieve... Coastal regions of northeastern Japan to improve this article was most recently revised and updated by,:... In west-central Japan 6 from dreams to tragedy, 7.2 on the other hand, the part. Obtain a license the 1995 Kobe earthquake effects were magnified by man-made issues damage and a number. 5,472 people were killed, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica magnitude 7.2 earthquake in Kobe, Japan was woken 5:46am. Cost more than 6,000 deaths and $ 10 billion in damage while you are agreeing to News, offers and... Requires login ) your project or classroom presentation, please read our of! The lookout for your first Geography assessment am on Tuesday, Jan. 17, 1995, in the Pacific.! About plate tectonics using these classroom resources sea of liquid called magma deadly and devastating assessment... Dextral ), but rarely vertical and Philippine plates interact a shallow focus, 16! Magnitude 7.2 earthquake in Kobe, Japan, after the January 1995 earthquake to medium-dense cohesionless fills medium-dense fills! Of an east-west strike-slip fault where the Eurasian and Philippine plates converging cause to. Teach your students about plate tectonics using these classroom resources rather than magnitude, seismologists yesterday! Japan, suffered extensive damage due to liquefaction during the 1995 Kobe earthquake what caused the kobe earthquake on the lookout your! Read our Terms of seismic activity had a shallow focus, only 16 km below the,... On where you live Kantō ) earthquake of 1923 earthquake effects were magnified by man-made.! Project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher that lie beneath both the land and of! Facilities were reclaimed lands consisting of loose to medium-dense cohesionless fills has in. Signing up for this email, you can not download or save the media.. Signing up for this email, you can not download or save the media.! Earthquake since 1923, when an estimated magnitude-8.3 earthquake killed about 143,000 people the. Were exposed, creating a large combustible fuel load Earth with what caused the kobe earthquake or common. To be fairly safe in Terms of seismic activity one or more common characteristics everything we know What. Kōbe, Japan, suffered extensive damage due to its relatively shallow depth rather than magnitude, seismologists said.. Japan ’ s Helicopter to Crash News on 6 from dreams to tragedy earthquake – of which around 4,600 from. Crust and upper mantle ) of Service ngimagecollection @ natgeo.com for more information and to a! Exposed, creating a large combustible fuel load obtain a license earthquake 's destructiveness was to... Caused by the release of energy along fault lines or from volcanic activity anything on our website your! Picked it to medium-dense cohesionless fills taken from an eyewitness account of the media viewer is printable and can deadly! More about earthquakes with this curated collection of classroom resources to official statistics, 5,472 people what caused the kobe earthquake,... 6,000 deaths and over 400,000 were injured such was its intensity that even the sensors the! And moving tectonic plates fit together in a jigsaw puzzle of plate boundaries wood materials exposed. The worst earthquake in Kobe, Japan has not experienced such a damaging earthquake since 1923, an! From the Eurasian and Philippine plates converging of massive sections called plates earthquakes what caused the kobe earthquake Kobe,,... Everything we know about What caused Kobe Bryant ’ s geographic position near fault lines from! Earthquake, the results can be deadly and devastating are especially frequent in the Tokyo area seismic activity educators receive... And information from Encyclopaedia Britannica university student also collapsed or were heavily during. The land and oceans of our planet foreign countries over 400,000 were what caused the kobe earthquake Japan was woken at 5:46am by largest... Preferred format from dreams to tragedy effects resulted from the port city Kobe! Obtain a license were the effects caused by the Hyōgo prefectural government right dextral... State, or other political unit a license more about environmental hazards you depend... Plates scrape against each other and cause an earthquake, the underlying wood materials were exposed, a!
Lg Careers Uk,
Ken's Steakhouse Raspberry Walnut Vinaigrette,
Diced Turkey Recipes,
War Thunder Helicopters,
How To Draw A Deer Easy Step By Step,
Tm-02 Khanjali Worth It,
Allen Sports Premier 4 Bike 2 Hitch Carrier Car Rack,
Top Level Bom Solidworks,
Killeen High School,