battle of stones river history

The artillerists of Battery E were tired and famished after the action, and Kirk allowed them to go into bivouac amid a grove of cedars 100 yards behind their initial position. At the same time, the Confederate government unwisely permitted Robert E. Lee’s commissary general, Lucius Northrop, to purchase existing foodstuffs for the Army of Northern Virginia in the middle Tennessee region while Bragg’s command was fighting at Perryville. On average, a tour of Stones River Battlefield and its museum lasts around two hours. The Union was able to hold off a Confederate assault, although both sides saw very high percentages of casualties. Recommended Reading: No Better Place to Die: THE BATTLE OF STONES RIVER (Civil War Trilogy). The American Battlefield Trust and our members have saved more than 53,000 acres in 24 states! Stones River, Battle of (1862–63).Stones River—also known as the Battle of Murfreesboro—was one of the costliest engagements of the Civil War in Tennessee. On the 2nd, though, the tempestuous battle resumed when Bragg commanded Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge’s division to assail the Union left. Along the way he ran into Kirk, who ordered him to advance the 34th and give Edgarton’s Ohioans time to go into battery. It flows roughly parallel to, but west of, I… Willich’s 1st Brigade lay on the extreme right of Maj. Gen. Alexander McD. Overall, both sides lost more than 18,700 killed or wounded in the midwinter battle. Bragg had come under severe censure following his ill-fated invasion of Kentucky and the climax of the campaign, the Battle of Perryville, on October 8, 1862. Pinney’s well-maintained Parrott rifles had the benefit of a half-mile-deep field of fire, and his gunners worked swiftly to go into battery. In just a few hours, the fields and cedar thickets around the Tennessee village of Murfreesboro w… Jan 17, 2014 - The Battle of Stones River was fought during the American Civil War between December 31, 1862 and January 3, 1863 in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. The 49th Ohio was hit in flank and rear simultaneously by the 14th and 15th Texas Cavalry (dismounted). The Battle for Eastern Tennessee The Battle of Stones River, sometimes called the Battle of Murfreesboro, was one of the most violent engagements of the Civil War. The 17th Tennessee, commanded by Colonel A.S. Marks, had advanced in fine style before halting 150 yards in front of the Federals and firing a volley. Show your pride in battlefield preservation by shopping in our store. The battery’s horses needed water, but in the darkness, with the enemy so near, the horses would have to wait until morning. Captions. Four hundred yards northwest of Post’s position, Colonel Philemon Baldwin, commanding the 3rd Bri-gade of Richard Johnson’s 2nd Division, had no sooner prepared for the Confederate assault than the enemy, in immense masses, appeared in my front at short range, their left extending far beyond the extreme right of my line. Next Last. Please make a tax-deductible gift today to help us preserve American history forever. Click to donate now. The Stones River is composed of three major forks: the West, Middle, and East forks. Casualties began to rise. American Battlefield Trust. Colonel John Beatty’s Union brigade, composed of Midwestern troops from Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky, reinforce the right flank against Maj. Gen. Patrick Cleburne’s Confederates. Several dismounted Rebel cavalrymen were killed or wounded. After much discussion between Bragg and his corps commanders, Lt. Gens. Braxton Bragg gave up the field on January 3 and withdrew his forces southward to Tullahoma. The ignominious retreat of his army into Tennessee after that fight, as well as the paucity of forage and victuals, had inflicted incredible suffering on the Confederate rank and file. Only one officer stood to stem the Confederate tide: the irascible, bandy-legged Ohioan, Brig. Battle of Stones River. Donations to the Trust are tax deductible to the full extent allowable under the law. After firing four or five volleys while lying in a prone position, the obstinate Hoosiers joined the dash to the rear. During the melee, Willich had been captured, and Colonel Gibson of the 49th Ohio assumed command of the brigade. Summary [] Sam Davis of the 25th Tennessee reported, Although a great many of our men were killed and wounded at this place, the line was not confused, and the men continued to fire without noticing those killed or wounded. Locke, commanding the 10th Texas, had suffered at the hands of Edgarton’s guns earlier; nearly 80 soldiers of the regiment had been knocked down in the assault. Carlin tried to withdraw his brigade in an orderly manner, but both he and his mount were hit by rifle fire and knocked down. To the right of Baldwin’s collapsing line, the Confederate brigades of Wood and Polk plowed into the cedar brakes, confident that their way was unobstructed. It was located in a rich agricultural region from which Bragg planned to provision his army and a position that he intended to use to block a potential Federal advance on Chattanooga. These casualty figures made the Battle of Stones River one of the bloodiest of the war. In late afternoon, Bragg hurled a division at a Union division that, on January 1, had crossed Stones River and had taken up a strong position on the bluff east of the river. All through the war it was a center for strong Confederate sentiment, and Bragg and his men were warmly welcomed and entertained during the month of December. The Majority of our funds go directly to Preservation and Education. By the evening of December 31, the Army of the Cumberland was cornered against Stones River, and Bragg crowed to Richmond, “God has granted us a happy New Year.” A hiatus on January 1 gave both sides time to shore up their battle lines. Forums. Continued below… Colonel William H. Gibson, commanding the 49th Ohio of Willich’s brigade, recalled later that ‘at dawn of day orders were received to build fires and make coffee. The Cowan House was a substantial brick structure surrounded by wooden piling or stockade fences with several outbuildings. ... his corps and division commanders that asked them to confirm in writing that they had recommended withdrawing after the Stones River battle, stating that if he had misunderstood them and withdrawn mistakenly, he would willingly step down. With that threat removed, Rosecrans moved south at once to challenge Bragg. On the evening of Tuesday, December 30, Rosecrans and Bragg faced each other a few miles west of Murfreesboro. Baldwin’s regiments took up a truncated line, with the 6th Indiana and 1st Ohio making up the front and a section of guns from the 5th Indiana placed in advance. Though a costly win, Rosecrans’ victory at Stones River secured Middle Tennessee for the Union for the remainder of the war. Wood’s brigade to fill the gap. The Battle of Stones River (called the Battle of Murfreesboro by Confederates) was the battle of highest % losses by both sides in the entire Civil War. Add a one-line explanation of what this file represents. Source for information on Stones River, Battle of: The Oxford Companion to American Military History dictionary. The Ohioans joined the swarm of Federals sprinting for the rear. John C. Mendenhall, who positioned nearly 50 cannon hub-to-hub and blasted away at the Confederate attackers. General Davis, hearing the firing on his right, ordered back Colonel Sidney Post’s 1st Brigade, in effect refusing the division’s right flank. The artillery, coupled with a Union counterattack, proved too much for Bragg’s men. Just after 6 a.m. the order to advance was quietly given, followed a few minutes later by the command to go double-quick. The 5th Kentucky (Union) formed the second line, with the 93rd Ohio acting as brigade reserve. The following morning, the last one of 1862, would certainly be the last for many of them. The Battle of Stones River (December 31, 1862–January 2, 1863) was a major engagement of the American Civil War fought 3 miles (5 km) northwest of Murfreesboro. No comments . The Ohioans did not even have time to grab their stacked muskets before the wild-eyed Texans swept through their campsite. McCook’s line, refusing the Federal right flank along the intersection of the Franklin Road and Gresham Lane. In the meantime, Rosecrans consolidated his battered army and established a fortified supply base at Murfreesboro, which would serve the Army of the Cumberland later that year in its drive toward Chattanooga. Willich issued orders for the 39th and 32nd Indiana to push forward a strong line of videttes without delay. For 30 minutes, the forces fired on one another at a distance of 75 yards. Includes numbered key to identify troops and positions. Great addition to library and research of Stones River. In the final months of 1862, Abraham Lincoln and General-in-Chief Henry Halleck decided to press the Confederacy on all fronts. He was supposed to return in about a years time but was delayed by the war with Spain and did not make it back for nearly four years. Section One, Fire! He has published two books with the History Press: Campaign: This Army Does Not Retreat. As soon as Davis’ column came within range, Confederate artillery began to lay in spherical case shell among the Union infantrymen. Details Location: Murfreesboro was a small town in the Stones River Valley, a former state capital named for a colonel in the American Revolutionary War, Hardy Murfree.All through the war it was a center for strong Confederate sentiment, and Bragg (Confederate) and his men were warmly welcomed and entertained during the month of December. Bragg, too, focused on the east side of the river, and near 4 p.m. on January 2, the Confederate leader renewed his efforts to dislodge the Army of the Cumberland. Stones River: Philip Sheridan’s rise to military fame Brigadier General Philip H. Sheridan sat pensively in his command tent the evening of January 9, 1863, and stared at the paper on his camp desk. The pro-Union counties of eastern Tennessee offered little resistance to the occupation of... Save History with Your Year-End Gift Today, Preserve 108 Acres of the Most Important Unprotected Battlefield Land, Save 40 Acres of the American Revolution Southern Theater, Kentuckians: Support Battlefield Preservation Legislation, Virginians: Support Battlefield Preservation Legislation, Stones River - December 31, 1862 - 6am to 10am, Stones River - December 31, 1862 - 1pm to 3:30pm. Unaware of these momentous Southern plans, Captain Edgarton kept busy prior to sunrise on December 31, finding a creek to the rear of his position and ordering half the battery’s horses taken back to the stream to be watered. Almost half of Jones’ command fell dead or wounded under the first Confederate volley. Shows info that other books have left out. The Union regiment immediately took a volley of musketry and smartly returned a fusillade of its own. Accessed December 22, … Rosecrans’ nemesis, General Braxton Bragg, had taken up residence in middle Tennessee, south of Nashville, with the intention of providing his long-suffering troops with the opportunity to forage. The emaciated ragamuffins marched out of Kentucky, a trek of more than 200 miles, subsisting only on parched corn and fouled water. On the Union side, Major General William S. Rosecrans led 43,400 men while Confederate General Braxton Bragg led 37,712 men. The battle of Stone River or Murfreesboro' Summary Print showing Union artillery behind infantry lines firing at Confederate troops on the far right during the battle at Stones River, Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Colonel John Beatty’s Union brigade, composed of Midwestern troops from Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky, reinforce the right flank against Maj. Gen. Patrick Cleburne’s Confederates. This battle was the culmination of the campaign in Middle Tennessee. The charge of the 1st Arkansas Rifles was broken, and the attackers were driven into a nearby cornfield, where the Union soldiers then found themselves without support and all but surrounded by Confederates. Moving swiftly, Maj. Gen. John McCown’s Confederate division piled out of the fog and mist, rushing toward the Union line. A retaliatory volley from the Arkansans, however, put down 24 of the Union cannoneers killed or wounded. Load solid shot, fire by section, on my command! His left brigade, under Brig. Bragg’s disinclination to … Laying much of the responsibility for the battery’s terrible location on his slain brigadier, Edward Kirk, Edgarton requested, As I have been charged with grave errors on the occasion of the battle, I respectfully request that I may be ordered before a court of inquiry, that my conduct may be investigated. A little later the colonel ran into Willich, who was riding to his left to confer with his division commander, Johnson. Simonson, however, switched his battery to canister, obliqued his Parrott rifles, lowered his barrels to zero degrees and fired. Bragg’s 35,000 men were arranged into two corps of infantry. He also created a pioneer command of combat engineers whose specialized duties included constructing field fortifications, corduroying roads and building repair bridges. The battle of Stones River was devastating for both sides and, of all the major Civil War battles, this had the highest percentage of casualties suffered. Subjects: Battle of Stones River Civil War Union Forces Confederate States of America Battle Union General Military History. People: Kurz & Allison. History Themes . The Battle of Stones River was fought December 31, 1862, to January 2, 1863, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Jones, commanding the 39th Indiana, managed to get Company A and part of Companies D and K into line behind a fence when the enemy opened a murderous fire. Battle of Stones River or Second Battle of Murfreesboro (in the South, simply the Battle of Murfreesboro), was fought from December 31, 1862, to January 2, 1863, in Middle Tennessee, as the culmination of the Stones River Campaign in the Western Theater of the American Civil War.. Of the major battles of the Civil War, Stones River had the highest percentage of casualties on both sides. In the ensuing artillery fire, Marks fell severely wounded, and command devolved upon Lt. Col. Watt Floyd. Federal Identification Number (EIN): 54-1426643. In the wake of the battle, several of his subordinates lobbied to have him replaced citing the failures at Perryville and Stones River. Help save a crucial 22-acre tract on the battlefield where 14 African American soldiers earned the highest military honor in the land. In just a few hours, the fields and cedar thickets around the Tennessee village of Murfreesboro would shake with the angry roar of cannons and the sharp crackle of musketry. The West Fork, 39.1 miles (62.9 km) long, rises in southernmost Rutherford County near the Bedford County line. The Battle of Stones River was one of the more important struggles of the Civil War, witnessing more than 23,500 casualties over three days of fighting. Stones River National Cemetery, which is nearby, is a military graveyard where 6,100 Union soldiers are buried. Go. Civil War Battle History Easy to understand overviews, summaries, character breakdowns, and details about 10 important Civil War battles. Battle smoke swirled about the cornfields, obscuring the ranks of both sides. - Polk fought under Bragg at the Battle of Stones River in late 1862 and once again Bragg's subordinates politicked to remove their army commander after an unsuccessful battle (the battle was tactically inconclusive, but Bragg was unable to stop the advance of the Union Army of the Cumberland under Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans The Battle of Stones River was a tactical draw, but a strategic Union victory. Details Location: Murfreesboro was a small town in the Stones River Valley, a former state capital named for a colonel in the American Revolutionary War, Hardy Murfree.All through the war it was a center for strong Confederate sentiment, and Bragg (Confederate) and his men were warmly welcomed and entertained during the month of December. On October 28, President Abraham Lincoln had replaced Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell, commander of the Army of the Ohio, with Rosecrans. With great difficulty and valor, the shredded remnants of the 5th Indiana Battery managed to drag off all but two of their pieces with the help of some infantrymen. Description: In the library of Civil War literature the Battle of Stones River, December 31, 1862, to January 2, 1863, is one of the most under represented large scale battles of the war. On September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, and the President expected his generals to bring home as many victories as possible by January 1, 1863—when he would officially sign the act—to give this new measure backbone. Major General William S. Rosecrans assumed command of the Army of the Ohio and reconstituted it as the Army of the Cumberland. Section Two, Fire! Bushrod Johnson’s Tennessee regiments paid special attention to Pinney’s Parrott guns, and men and horses began to fall to the Southern musketry. They returned fire as best they could before Jones ordered a withdrawal. The Chowan River Dare stone is thought to have been left by Eleanor White Dare of the famed Lost Colony of Roanoke as a message to her father John White who had gone back to England for more men and supplies. Recommended Reading: Winter Lightning: A Guide to the Battle of Stones River. But in the melee that followed the initial breakthrough, Cleburne’s complex maneuver became unhinged. By the afternoon of December 30, 1862, the cannoneers of Captain Warren P. Edgarton’s Battery E, 1st Ohio Artillery Regiment, were exhausted and worn down from hard marching and coping with adverse weather. Within minutes both units had been bushwhacked. Although the tide was rolling against them, the Union troops gamely tried to slow the Confederate attack. This article was written by Robert Cheeks and originally appeared in the September 1999 issue of America’s Civil War magazine. July 26, 2019. Section Three, Fire! A two-month supply was stored in Nashville warehouses. Every day, thousands of people pass right through a battlefield in Murfreesboro-- most of them with no idea of the carnage that occurred there. We stood to deliver our fire and say good morning, then took to our heels and ran, Private Robert Stewart recalled. Rosecrans shifted men eastward across the river and established a formidable line along a hilltop. Although the Stones River Campaign, aka Battle of Stones River, was hailed as a Union victory, both sides limped off the battlefield to recover from the carnage. Men of Hardee’s corps drove many Federals back across Stones River. The Stones River watershed drains some 920 square miles (2,400 square km). Edgarton kept the horses in harness, hobbled near the guns and caissons. Kirk’s 2nd Brigade had suffered 826 casualties out of 1,933 effectives. “Having it within our power to see that such a piece of truly hallowed ground was protected forever, we decided to work with the trust to find a win-win solution,” said O’Reilly Senior Vice President of Real Estate & Expansion Scott Kraus. Speculative History. Stones River National Battlefield - Now within a sprawling suburb of Nashville, the park today is small by battlefield park standards today (the battle covered 4,000 acres at the time), even though its fighting was certainly as important and tragic as many of the larger sites. At this time the enemy, who had made an attack on the extreme right of our wing against Johnson and also on Davis’ front, had been successful, and the two divisions on my right were retiring in great confusion, he reported. Facing the ferocious Federal gunfire, the attacking Southerners threw themselves down in order to avoid the deadly blasts. One can easily count the number of volumes dedicated solely to the battle on the fingers of one hand. Pinney’s fire found the mark. When the firing started, Dysart quickly got his regiment moved into line, then went looking for Willich. The Battle of Stones River was fought between December 31, 1862 and January 2, 1863. While the blood soaked battlefield was a killing field for both Union and Confederate forces, the combined casualties were … Panelists talked about the Battle of Stones River. Rosecrans’ army on the northwest side of the river was organized into three wings with three divisions each. On the left of the 34th Illinois, the 29th Indiana was responding promptly to the Confederate assault. In a few short minutes nearly 70 of Dysart’s men were down, either dead or wounded. Gen. Phil Sheridan. Following the failure of his Kentucky campaign the previous fall, Confederate Gen. Gen. St. John Liddell, found itself running to perform the movement, while the center brigade, led by Brig. Categories: Civil War. Gregory’s Company C forward in support of the picket line, and the unit soon found itself being enfiladed. The overly cautious and plodding Rosecrans left some 40,000 men in and around the Tennessee capital to guard his communication and supply routes—nearly evening the odds in favor of Bragg. Donate today to preserve battlefields in America and protect the legacy of our nation’s defining conflicts. Stones River, Battle of (1862–63).Stones River—also known as the Battle of Murfreesboro—was one of the costliest engagements of the Civil War in Tennessee. In the battle, Confederate General Braxton Bragg and as many as 35,000 soldiers withdrew from Kentucky and took defensive positions in the city of Murfreesboro, Tennessee. An extended lull fell over the western armies following the Battle of Perryville in the fall of 1862. The hard-fighting 15th Wisconsin was the last out to safety. Colonel J.B. Please consider making a gift today to help raise the $170,000 we need to preserve this piece of American history forever. Five hundred yards in the rear, Maj. Gen. Patrick Cleburne’s division anxiously awaited the order to join the advance. The new commander’s primary responsibility was to return the army to its nominal strength–nearly 7,000 soldiers had deserted since the bloodbath at Perryville–in order to prepare it for an advance into Tennessee. The upstream portion of its course runs roughly parallel to U.S. Highway 231. Post ordered the guns limbered up and withdrawn, but 18 of the battery horses were down, leaving two badly shot-up beasts to pull one of the Parrott rifles. Orders were circulated that no fires would be permitted that Tuesday evening, and Edgarton’s Ohioans bit down on flinty hardtack and drank cold and brackish water as they sullenly watched the brigade of Union Brig. May 23, 2013 - The American Battlefield Trust’s downloadable map of the Battle of Stones River, focusing on the Confederate charge on January 2, 1863. Dysart moved his regiment into an open field just as McCown’s Rebels broke through the cedar brakes to the east. The 1860 census indicated that the prosperous farm family of Varner D. and Susan B. Cowan occupied this home. 1; 2; 3; Next. No clear victor emerged from the battle. Bragg retreated from the area on January 3, and Rosecrans claimed victory–an unlikely outcome considering the catastrophe his forces had suffered on December 31. Battle of Stones River, lies right beside the track that leads from Nashville to Chattanooga. Gen. Edward N. Kirk ordered Edgarton’s battery forward, supported by a regiment of infantry. Dysart’s stalwart lads had no sooner reached the guns than they were swept away in the inexorable tide of fleeing soldiers, losing five color-bearers at the guns. By Christmas, Rosecrans had solved his most vexing problem, the lack of rations. Woodrow Wilson, 28th president of the United States. Pinney shouted as he cast his gaze along the line of eager Confederate infantrymen 1,000 yards to his front. After two days of heavy fighting near Stones River, which saw Union troops repel two major Confederate attacks, Bragg disengaged and fell back to Tullahoma, TN. Salmon P. Chase to Rosecrans after Stones River the Battle of Stones River … The Federal line was once again salvaged, this time due to the courageous efforts of Capt. History. Unlike the two Federal divisions farther south, Sheridan had his soldiers alert and ready prior to the dawn attack. While a portion of Rosecrans’s army would have to cross the river to accomplish this goal, the Confederates faced no such problem, and at 6 a.m., Maj. Gen. William J. Hardee’s corps smashed into the Union right flank. Created / Published c1900. The day after Christmas 1862, Rosecrans's Army of the Cumberland departed Nashville with 44,000 men, marching toward Confederate Gen. Braxton Bragg's Army of Tennessee at Murfreesboro, 30 miles to the south. The Battle of Stones River. Inadvertently, the retreating Federals hurt the Rebel advance by sowing confusion among the attackers. The unionists were in something of a quandary as well. His armies were stalled, and the terrible defeat at Fredericksburg spread a pall of defeat across the nation. Let us set the scene. Review from Library Journal: Until now only three book-length studies of the bloody Tennessee battle near Stone's River existed, all old and none satisfactory by current historical standards. Bushrod Johnson, seeing the damage being inflicted on his Confederates, sent a message to Captain Putnam Darden of the Jefferson Flying Artillery to bring up his guns. Colonel M.F. The battle produced important military and political gains for the Union, and it changed forever the people who lived and fought here. The Union videttes managed to fire a single volley at the rumbling mass of graycoats, then fell back in panic, sounding the alarm. The battle pitted the Army of the Cumberland under Major General William S. Rosecrans against the Confederate Army of Tennessee under Lieutenant General Braxton Bragg. Willich told Gibson to support the picket line in the unlikely event the Rebels advanced. Pinney fell beside his guns–he and many of his cohorts would be left on the field. Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, English astronomer who confirmed Einstein's theory of relativity. Susan Harber, The Daily News Journal, June 19, 2017. In fact, as a proportion of the forces involved, the Battle of Stones River was among the bloodiest of the entire war. It was obvious that the Union army intended to stay in Tennessee for a long time. 34 Alabama and the 8th Mississippi Confederate Infantry. Thread starter History Learner; Start date Aug 11, 2020; Home. When the Texans came within 50 yards, Hotchkiss ordered his left wing to volley, and the Union musketry swept the line of the Texans. Lieutenant Colonel Frank Erdelmeyer was unable to get his seven companies of the 32nd Indiana into line before they were swamped. On the left of the brigade line, the 77th Pennsylvania faced the assault of the 1st Arkansas Rifles, under the command of Brig. Union Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell had failed to pursue Bragg in force after the October 8 Battle of Perryville, and recently had been removed from command. Bragg surmised that Rosecrans would now withdraw, but the next morning he was still in position. The war was not going very smoothly for the Union States and President Lincoln was desperate for a win. The stout resistance of Maj. Gen. George Thomas’s wing, the omnipresent Rosecrans, and the failure of Bragg’s army to coordinate its attacks saved the Army of the Cumberland from utter destruction. The ‘Slaughter Pen’ is located on the south side of the Stones River National Battlefield. Harber’s History Lesson: Slaughter Pen was preeminent in Civil War history at Stones River. The Battle of Stones River, fought between December 31, 1862, and January 2, 1863, was a tactical draw but proved to be a strategic northern victory. On Willich’s left, in a southwest-northeast line, the brigades of McCook’s 1st, 2nd and 3rd divisions fell in, anchored on their left by the Wilkinson Turnpike, a road that ran east of the Nashville Turnpike. Two additional sections went into battery in a cornfield to the rear of the Ohioans. Without debate Bragg assented; the assault would begin at dawn on Wednesday, December 31. On New Years Day, both armies marked time. Read More American Civil War Timeline – Southern Offensives Turned Back. The men of the 59th Illinois ran to the guns, tied ropes to them and began to pull them out of the fray. Source for information on Stones River, Battle of: The Oxford Companion to American Military History dictionary. Leonidas Polk and William J. Hardee, Polk suggested that his corps strike the right wing of McCook’s corps. Living History Programs Join us for an opportunity to see demonstrations of Civil War weapons and equipment while learning more about the people affected by the Battle of Stones River. John Von Neumann, Hungarian-born mathematician. 1 of 3 Go to page. Subsequent to the battle at Stones River, the general would be dogged by persistent rumors that he had been pitifully inebriated during the fighting. For the unfortunate Captain Edgarton and his gunners, Stones River held no moments of glory. This important book covers the late 1862 campaign and battle in detail. 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