The Humanistic and Existential Perspectives. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The drug addresses (corrects) the underlying biological reasons for alcohol abuse. a. gestalt If you believe focusing on a problem generates a solution, then write down each time you ruminate and the result. What are the three parts of personality according to Freud? 164. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. a. d. Genes do not interact with the environment. d. sociocultural. Regret orientation Focusing on what you could have done better in the past rather than on improving now. Influential on the development of Skinners operant conditioning, Thorndike (1905) proposed the law of effect or the idea that if our behavior produces a favorable consequence, in the future when the same stimulus is present, we will be more likely to make the response again, expecting the same favorable consequence. Figure 2.2. It is most likely that his psychotherapist is a ____ therapist. b. exposure therapy. We can also ask the patient probing questions, seek information from family members, examine medical records, and in time, organize and process all this information to better understand the persons condition and potential causes. After several conditioning trials, the child responded with fear to the mere presence of the white rat (Panel C). 149. How so? A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated, depressed, and inauthentic would MOST likely be described as: a. humanistic. D) Its symptoms, such as irrational beliefs, are a severe form of illogical thinking. 137. According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of _____________. Researchers who have looked into the link between religious devotion and psychological well-being have come to the following conclusion that: For more on the role of genes in the development of mental illness, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/saving-normal/201604/what-you-need-know-about-the-genetics-mental-disorders. 117. a. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. d. psychodynamic. It consists of the brain and spinal cord. b. a biological predisposition is the primary factor leading to abnormality. c. There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness. Biological psychologists or neuropsychologists treat the underlying problems in the. Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Outline operant conditioning and the work of Thorndike and Skinner. Multicultural psychologists assert that both normal behavior and abnormal behavior need to be understood in the context of the individuals unique culture and the groups value system. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice. 23. The strategies arise from all three learning models. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. b. transference. Finally, respondent conditioning has several properties: 2.3.2.3. Continuous or partial? In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. The sociocultural model has contributed significantly to our understanding of the nuances of mental illness diagnosis, prognosis, course, and treatment for other races, cultures, genders, ethnicities. A) illogical thinking patterns. Shonda responds by changing the subject. d. reality principle. Where do you sit in class, if you are on a physical campus and not an online student? They all attempt to explain the causes and treatments for all psychological illnesses, and all from a different approach. c. unconditional positive regard. Cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and drug use during pregnancy are risk factors for ADHD. 46. Freud believed that consciousness had three levels 1) consciousness which was the seat of our awareness, 2) preconscious that included all of our sensations, thoughts, memories, and feelings, and 3) the unconscious, which was not available to us. If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: Ashley is a pole-vaulter who is ready for her event. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that operates by the morality principle is the: Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? c. gestalt Which theorist would be MOST likely to advocate use of skillful frustration as a part of therapy? According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? a. a persons moral compass b. the prefrontal cortex c. a persons libido d. ego defense mechanisms. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. 24. The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. A self-help group differs from group therapy in that the self-help group: a. focuses on less serious problems. d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. "That's all right. b. the libido. d. catharsis. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. Each paradigm focuses mainly on one aspect of human functioning. Neural transmission. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. Divorce or the death of a spouse can lead to anxiety disorders. Transducers or receptor cells in the major organs of our five sensory systems vision (the eyes), hearing (the ears), smell (the nose), touch (the skin), and taste (the tongue) convert the physical energy that they detect or sense and send it to the brain via the neural impulse. b. neurotransmitters. They include Lisdexamfetamine, the combination of dextroamphetamine and amphetamine, and Methylphenidate. Since you dont have time, you decide to study only for the classes in which the teacher provided a study guide. c. ego. Whenever she has to attend a party, she only speaks to people she knows well. Hence, to reach -55mV and fire, it will need more than the normal gain of +15mV (-70 to -55 mV). Thoughts, as well as overt behaviors, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning. These two components pair up as follows: Finally, four properties of operant conditioning extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination are important. Their self-concept becomes distorted, now seen as having worth only when these significant others approve, leading to a disharmonious state and psychopathology. Which of the following is a reason for which little controlled research has been devoted to the effectiveness of existential therapy? 73. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. It was fun for me to swim in a lake near my house as a child. The goal of therapy is to wean patients from their childlike dependency on the therapist. 34. Bacterial and viral infections. Which abnormality model best lends itself to laboratory testing in terms of evaluating its efficacy? The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. The cognitive model made up for an apparent deficit in the behavioral model overlooking the role cognitive processes play in our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The medical model definition is the concept of how mental and emotional issues are related to biological causes and problems. It is difficult to research this perspective. c. The underlying assumptions of each model are the same. In Chapter 2, we first distinguished uni- and multi-dimensional models of abnormality and made a case that the latter was better to subscribe to. But before these diagnostic categories Men with mental illnesses are also less likely to have received mental health treatment than women in the past year. b. exposure therapy. 76. Positive means that you are giving something good or bad. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? This approach stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. This approach to learning was called connectionism. So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. OCD has an earlier age of onset in girls than boys, with most people being diagnosed by age 19. a. to lessen the power of thoughts b. to stop the client from comparing himself or herself to others c. to decrease internal negative self-talk d. to increase awareness of why the client behaves a certain way. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. Psychology Today published a great article on January 21, 2013, which described four ways to change your thinking through cognitive restructuring. If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. Here are the models we will examine in this module: You should have learned the following in this section: Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: a. genome mapping is a waste of time. Again, your schema about front row and back row students is incorrect and causes you to make certain assumptions about these individuals. They would salivate at the sound of a bell, footsteps in the hall, a tuning fork, or the presence of a lab assistant. 31. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. What if? Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. 2.3.1.3. Please note that a person may become fixated at any stage, meaning they become stuck, thereby affecting later development and possibly leading to abnormal functioning, or psychopathology. 152. Life involves a degree of uncertainty, and at times we must accept this. d. libido. d. free association. Abnormal behavior in the family causes an individual to develop dual personalities: one for the public and one for at home. c. Behavior that one group would classify as abnormal may be the norm in another group. c. humanistic-existential c. the id, ego, and superego. Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. The main difference between these two systems is the speed with which they act. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. Conditioning is when learning occurs. The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body. Ashley is a pole-vaulter ready to go for her event. b. existential. a. cognitive b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. rational emotive. Gender is not a cause of mental illness, though differing demands placed on males and females by society and their culture can influence the development and course of a disorder. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? The uni-dimensional model proposes a single factor as the cause of psychopathology while the multi-dimensional model integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. d. cognitive-behavioral. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? Most people who receive couple therapy report no real improvement in their functioning. We take the information just detected and use it to assign people to categories, or groups. I know my grandmother used to. During a meeting, Shondas manager asks her to free associate about her coworkers performance. size the different models of abnormality and to avoid oversimplifying the complex nature of human problems. Or, they are easily distracted and sits in the back so that all stimuli are in front of him/her. d. people who avoid responsibility for their lives and decisions live inauthentic lives. Genes, Hormonal Imbalances, and Viral Infections. Rogers stated that the humanistic therapist should be warm, understanding, supportive, respectful, and accepting of his/her clients. How effective is the sociocultural model at explaining psychopathology and its treatment. The endocrine system moves slowly with hormones, released by endocrine glands, taking seconds, or even minutes, to reach their target. c. humanistic-existential We are more likely to model behaviors by someone who commands our attention. Describe observational learning and modeling. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. d. modifying the clients negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. All of the models include an element of the biological model. The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. d. early life experiences shape one's later behavior. There are also certain types of disorders that are unique to women. Maybe it changed to biweekly and I missed the email. Due to this endurance, we say that intermittent or partial reinforcement shows resistance to extinction, meaning the behavior does weaken, but gradually. c. sociocultural 2.3.2.5. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socioeconomic background. a. working through b. exposure therapy c. role playing d. family therapy. Skinner talked about contingencies or when one thing occurs due to another. That is the idea, at least. a. religion causes people to deal better with the challenges of life. The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. Influenza epidemics, caused by viral infections (for more on influenza, please see the following: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719), have also been linked to schizophrenia (Brown et al., 2004; McGrath and Castle, 1995; McGrath et al., 1994; Ocallaghan et al., 1991) though more recent research suggests this evidence is weak at best (Selten & Termorshuizen, 2017; Ebert & Kotler, 2005). To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them. c. role-playing. With its emphasis on abstract human values and responsibility, the humanistic-existential model does all of the following EXCEPT: a. resonate with many people who are eager to explore these issues. Borderline personality disorder has also been found to be higher in people in low-income brackets (Tomko et al., 2012) and group differences for personality disorders have been found between African and European Americans (Ryder, Sunohara, and Kirmayer, 2015). According to Freud, all _____ instincts tend to be sexual. With this knowledge, a plan is developed and consists of numerous strategies to act on one or all these elements antecedent, behavior, and/or consequence. Elevated levels of this hormone can lead to several problems, including increased weight gain, interference with learning and memory, reduced bone density, high cholesterol, and an increased risk of depression. According to Freud, consciousness had three levels (consciousness, preconscious, and the unconscious), personality had three parts (the id, ego, and superego), personality developed over five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), there are ten defense mechanisms to protect the ego such as repression and sublimation, and finally three assessment techniques (free association, transference, and dream analysis) could be used to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be described as: a. behavioral. b. the role that biology plays in psychological functioning. Another respondent conditioning way to unlearn a fear is called flooding or exposing the person to the maximum level of stimulus and as nothing aversive occurs, the link between CS and UCS producing the CR of fear should break, leaving the person unafraid. The most common types of antidepressants are SSRIs or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and include Citalopram, Paroxetine, and Fluoxetine (Prozac). Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. b. Regarding the finding that there are more seriously disturbed people within poor subpopulations, a multicultural theorist would focus on the way in which: a. personal responsibility is related to dysfunction. Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. c. psychodynamic. Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? What if you found out that a friend who sits in the front row is a C student but sits there because he cannot see the screen or board, even with corrective lenses? How so? Also of importance to the neuron is the myelin sheath or the white, fatty covering which: 1) provides insulation so that signals from adjacent neurons do not affect one another and, 2) increases the speed at which signals are transmitted. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. d. propositions. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freuds-patients-serial/201201/bertha-pappenheim-1859-1936. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. Some commonly used strategies include cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance techniques. a. egoic b. deterministic c. defensive d. object relational. Essentially, they wanted to explore the possibility of conditioning various types of emotional response(s). The researchers ran a series of trials in which they exposed a 9-month-old child, known as Little Albert, to a white rat. b. modeling. Researchers are only now beginning to tease apart the various biological and psychosocial factors that may impact the mental health of both women and men., https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/women-and-mental-health/index.shtml. Hormonal imbalances. b. Existentialists believe that research isnt necessary, because the effectiveness of existential therapy is already apparent due to its widespread success. This therapy is BEST described as: Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. d. existential, 125. 99. b. d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. 148. d. development of sociopathic tendencies. d. disengagement. A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. Providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed. 70. 111. Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. Within the context of psychopathology, the behavioral perspective is useful because explains maladaptive behavior in terms of learning gone awry. Couples treated by couple therapy seem to show greater improvement than couples who do not receive treatment. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. a. catharsis. b. cognitive-behavioral However, keep in mind that we do not model everything we see. What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? d. It focuses on educational goals rather than therapeutic purposes. a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. humanist-existential d. sociocultural. What is important to mental health professionals is some disorders involve specific areas of the brain. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: a. social labels and roles. Admittedly, single factors do emerge during a persons life, but as they arise, the factors become part of the individual. b. working through. a. cognitive-behavioral b. psychodynamic c. sociocultural d. humanistic-existential, 8. Primary refers to reinforcers and punishers that have their effect without having to be learned. The disadvantages should outweigh the advantages and help you to end the struggle and accept what is unknown. c. superego. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. The principle of multifinality emphasizes that: a. stress is the primary factor leading to abnormality. 150. a. existential therapy b. free association c. mindfulness meditation d. gestalt therapy, 98. A family systems theorist might suggest that Robin comes from a(n) _____ family. A patient has loss of neurons in the cortex and the basal ganglia. 62. Observational learning. A person with a controlling mother is getting help. Exemplify the effect of maladaptive cognitions on creating abnormal behavior. A story will illustrate the latter. Breuer made daily visits and allowed her to share stories from her private theater, which she came to call talking cure or chimney sweeping. Many of the stories she shared were actually thoughts or events she found troubling and reliving them helped to relieve or eliminate the symptoms. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: a. some people do not benefit from drug treatments. The brain. The problem with this approach is that mental disorders are not typically caused by a solitary factor, but multiple causes. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. Try figuring out if you genuinely do not have time to go to the gym by recording what you do each day and then look at open times of the day. Postconditioning. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. d. displacement. Once the information has been interpreted, commands are sent out, telling the body how to respond (Step E), also via the peripheral nervous system. Then, Jones gave the child some pleasant food (i.e., something sweet such as cookies [Panel C]; remember the response to the food is unlearned, i.e., Panel A). Antidepressants are used to treat depression, but also anxiety, insomnia, and pain. b. exposure Track the accuracy of the thought. A patient sees a therapist to help her address her eating disorder. Members of a family operate very independently of one another. 114. d. countertransference. Another option to treat mental disorders is to perform brain surgeries. d. flight of ideas. Depersonalization can be defined as a feeling of unreality or detachment from oneself. To begin, an applied behavior analyst identifies a target behavior, or behavior to be changed, defines it, works with the client to develop goals, conducts a functional assessment to understand what the undesirable behavior is, what causes it, and what maintains it. Evaluating the behavioral model. Personality develops over five distinct stages in which the libido focuses on different parts of the body. Defense mechanisms include the following: For more on defense mechanisms, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/the-essential-guide-defense-mechanisms. 143. d. synapses. All of the models include an element of the biological model. a. Types include habituation, or when we simply stop responding to repetitive and harmless stimuli in our environment such as a fan running in your laptop as you work on a paper, and sensitization, or when our reactions are increased due to a strong stimulus, such as an individual who experienced a mugging and now panics when someone walks up behind him/her on the street. Glial cells are support cells in the nervous system that serve five main functions: Finally, nerves are a group of axons bundled together like wires in an electrical cable. c. manifest content. A couple therapist who focuses on acceptance and positive change where possible is using _____ therapy. This is an example of: a. shaping. When her friends or family criticize or express disapproval over something Johannah has done, she experiences a deep depression and self-abuse. c. overgeneralization. Yvette's negative thought patterns are harmful to her well-being. 109. Outline observational learning/social-learning theory and the work of Bandura. Thorndike also said that stimulus and responses were connected by the organism, and this led to learning. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. These are the same four discussed under respondent conditioning. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. But women may experience these illnesses differently certain symptoms may be more common in women than in men, and the course of the illness can be affected by the sex of the individual. c. existential Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? b. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. As you might expect, if reinforcement occurs after extinction has started, the behavior will re-emerge. c. role-playing. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. 104. c. gestalt. If a mother seems excessively involved in her childs life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: a. externalized. See Figure 2.4 below. d. latency stage. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. Right? Before introducing the current main models, it is crucial to understand what a model is. The patient continues but always reaches a point when he/she cannot or will not proceed any further. Still, Sigmund Freud developed useful therapeutic tools for clinicians and raised awareness about the role the unconscious plays in both normal and abnormal behavior. What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? Nikolais grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. All other toys are allowed, including a Bobo doll. 79. What is the problem with a uni-dimensional model of psychopathology? d. Freud. 51. As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are. What is learning? This is in accord with what Freud called: a. reflex. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. In terms of the latter, cognitive behavior modification procedures arose after the 1960s and with the rise of cognitive psychology. d. conflict between underlying psychological forces. 95. c. neurons. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? Reinforcement can either occur continuously meaning every time the desired behavior is made the subject will receive some reinforcer, or intermittently/partially meaning reinforcement does not occur with every behavior. But did you ever go to your grandparents house and grandma or grandpaor worse, BOTHtook pity on you and let you play your video games (or something equivalent)? d. fear. According to your reading on abnormal psychology, which term is defined as "the inability to perform in one or more important areas of functioning" and is a consideration in identifying the presence of a mental disorder?
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